Modern Scientific Press

ABSTRACT: This research aimed at determination of the levels and speciation of arsenic (As) and iron (Fe) in water and sediments from Hunki Ox-bow Lake in Awe L.G.A of Nasarawa State, using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS), during the dry and wet seasons. The mean concentration of As in water and whole (raw) sediment samples of both dry and wet seasons was lower than that of Fe. For both seasons, the baseline levels of As and Fe in water samples were 1.674 mg/L and 4.551 mg/L, respectively, which revealed that As content in water was higher than the WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. The baseline levels of As and Fe in sediment samples (mg/kg) were as follows: As (93.935) and Fe (264.429) which showed that As was higher than both Interim Sediment Quality Guidelines – Low of 20 mg/kg and Interim Sediment Quality Guidelines – High of 70 mg/kg. This study revealed that: concentration of As and Fe from sediments and water were generally higher in wet season than dry season, levels of As and Fe from sediments were higher than that of water, concentrations of As and Fe were more of natural than anthropogenic sources and the ecological risk indices evaluated evidenced As to be of greater ecological risk than Fe.

ABSTRACT: In current days medicinal plants play a key role as pillar of traditional healthcare systems of medicine in many developing countries. The investigation was carried out a qualitative test for the possible phytochemical components (Alkaloids, Phenolic compound, Quinone, Protein, Anthraquinones, Saponins, Coumarin, Flavonoids, and Tannin) and quantitative analysis for some selected physicochemical properties after extracting the sample using soxhlet extraction by using ethanol, methanol and Chloroform as extractants. And Phenolic compound, Tannins, flavonoid and Steroid-glycosides are intensively found in the plant. The medicinal use of Euphorbia hirta is results from the presence of some active phytochemical constituents. Lastly the physic-chemical properties value is investigated as follow: Mean ash value (%) was 8.00 (total), 0.025 (acid-insoluble ash) and 0.04 (water-soluble ash). The pH of 1% aqueous solution and pH of 10% aqueous solution are 6.52 % and 5.67 % respectively. Useful quantitative and descriptive data essential for identifying and characterizing the plant for the purpose of quality control are presented.

ABSTRACT: Activated carbon has been widely developed as an adsorbent to adsorb heavy metal in waste water treatment due to its high efficiency and low cost. The present work reported the adsorption of Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions on activated carbon prepared from millet waste. The millet waste was dried and mill. The powder thus obtained was activated with H2SO4 and KOH and carbonized at 300, 400 and 500ºC for 30, 35 and 40min in an inert atmosphere. The effect of activation temperature shows an optimum temperature of 300ºC at the time of 30mins. Further studies revealed that the best impregnation ratio of carbon to potassium hydroxide (KOH) was 3:2. The results of the characterization show that the values of bulk density, ash content, moisture content, volatile content and fix carbon of the activated carbon show that millet waste especially the leaf and husk activated carbon are good precursor. The best adsorption performance is at the temperature 300ºC with 85, 88, 80 and 98% respectively. However the lowest adsorption performance was found to be at temperature of 5000C with % removal of 50, 82, 50 and 78. For spike, stalk, leaf and husk respectively from the (AAS) Analysis results. Though they have low performance at 500ºC but the % removal is good.

ABSTRACT: We proposed a possibility of entropy decrease due to fluctuation magnified and internal interactions in some isolated systems. Next, possible entropy decrease in various chemical reactions is researched. The opposite exothermic and endothermic reactions, the acid and alkaline reactions, etc., cannot all be entropy decrease. Third, we study possible entropy decrease in various phase transformations. Fourth, we search membrane and enzyme in chemistry and biology, in which membranes is namely Maxwell demon. Final, a special growth of diamonds from low pressure is discussed. Moreover, various known calculated results on entropy decrease are listed. We proposed a possibility of entropy decrease due to fluctuation magnified and internal interactions in some isolated systems. Next, possible entropy decrease in various chemical reactions is researched. The opposite exothermic and endothermic reactions, the acid and alkaline reactions, etc., cannot all be entropy decrease. Third, we study possible entropy decrease in various phase transformations. Fourth, we search membrane and enzyme in chemistry and biology, in which membranes is namely Maxwell demon. Final, a special growth of diamonds from low pressure is discussed. Moreover, various known calculated results on entropy decrease are listed